Development and Application of replication Emergency evacuation Lighting Technology

Abstract: building fire emergency evacuation lighting technology is an important building fire prevention technology related to the product development, system design, installation and application of fire emergency lighting and sign lamps for safe evacuation, fire fighting and rescue in case of building fire. Standard and specification revision and other items. In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, economic construction and various social undertakings, fire emergency lighting technology has made great progress and widely used. This paper will discuss the development and application of building fire emergency evacuation lighting technology at home and abroad from the above aspects.

Key words: fire emergency lamps, light sources, illuminance, electroluminescent devices, evacuation walkways, self-contained power supply, centralized power supply, sub-power supply, installation spacing, low-level lighting

1 introduction
Building fire emergency evacuation lighting technology is an important life-saving and evacuation technology which is valued by many countries, has many years of development history and is indispensable to ensure the safety of people in case of building fire. In order to make the topic more eye-catching and make it easier to distinguish this technology from the fire lighting technology, the title of this paper deliberately uses the two modified qualifiers "architecture" and "evacuation". Fire emergency lamps (called emergency lamps and lanterns abroad) include lighting and sign lamps, which can be divided into continuous work type and non-continuous work type in practical application. In recent years, especially in recent years, with the rapid development of lighting technology, there are more and more tall and complex intelligent buildings, fire emergency lighting regulations and standards are constantly improved and perfected, and the variety of fire emergency lamps and lanterns is increasing. The performance has been continuously improved, and the technical level has been greatly improved, which has been widely used and developed.
At present, there are a variety of fire emergency lights produced and used at home and abroad. According to their uses, there are three types of fire emergency lights: fire emergency lights, fire emergency sign lights and fire emergency lights; according to their functions, they can be divided into single function (lighting or sign) or multi-function (lighting and sign) fire emergency lights; according to their working methods, they can be divided into continuous work type and non-continuous work type; according to their emergency power supply mode, they can be divided into self-contained power type, centralized power type and sub-mother power type (called compound type abroad). According to the realization mode of its emergency work, it can be divided into independent control type, centralized control type and sub-master control type (called compound type abroad). According to its installation height and mode of use, it can be divided into high installation type (known abroad as overhead type), low installation type and high-low compound installation type. According to its emergency power supply and control mode, it can be divided into self-contained power supply independent control type (also known as single lamp), self-contained power supply centralized control type, centralized power supply independent control type, centralized power supply independent control type, sub-mother power supply independent control type and sub-mother power supply centralized control type and so on.
At present, the light sources used in fire emergency lamps are fluorescent lamps, incandescent lamps, electroluminescent devices, photoluminescent materials and LED.

2 Development and application

1) Overview of development
At present, the development of building fire emergency evacuation lighting technology in Europe and the United States and other countries is earlier, faster, and in a leading position, the above-mentioned lamps and light sources have been mass-produced and widely used. Although our country started late, it also developed rapidly. At present, more than 200 domestic enterprises produce fire emergency lamps and lanterns. Since 1993, the National Fire Electronic products quality Supervision and Inspection Center has successively accepted the inspection of more than 400 model products of about 150 enterprises. The main technical indicators of the products have reached the advanced level of foreign countries, but there is still a certain gap in product quality, performance and varieties compared with developed countries, which need to be improved. In addition, there are some problems in engineering design, such as high cost, difficult construction, poor control and so on, which need to be solved. At present, the self-contained power supply independent control type fire emergency lamps and lanterns are the main emergency lamps and lanterns in China, accounting for 80% of the total market; the centralized power supply centralized control type fire emergency lamps and lanterns widely used in large projects in developed countries are produced by only a dozen enterprises in China, and the number of products only accounts for more than 10% of the total, which is in short supply. The fire emergency lamps and lanterns with centralized control of self-contained power supply, independent control of sub-master power supply, centralized control of sub-mother power supply and sub-mother power supply have no mature products in our country and can not meet the actual needs. the problem of unreasonable product structure needs to be solved urgently.

2) New development
In recent years, the new development of fire emergency lighting technology is as follows:
(1) the market share of centrally controlled fire emergency lamps and lanterns is expanding year by year, showing an upward trend. Centrally controlled fire emergency lamps and lanterns include three kinds of fire emergency lamps and lanterns: self-contained power supply centralized control type, centralized power supply centralized control type and sub-master power centralized control type, which are especially suitable for intelligent buildings. They have the advantages of convenient centralized management, user self-inspection, fire supervision and inspection, prolonging lamp life, improving emergency evacuation efficiency and so on. Today, with the continuous improvement of building intelligent management level, they are very popular. Centralized power supply centralized control fire emergency lamps and lanterns are the most popular in large projects, and also have good development prospects.
(2) the light source technology of marker lights tends to use more electroluminescent devices and LED light sources and less fluorescent and incandescent light sources. In the front and back of these two light sources, the former is more than the latter in developed countries, while in China, the former is less than the latter, which is a gap. The future development trend is that the use of the former will be much more than the latter, and even replace the latter. The reason is that electroluminescent devices and LED light source sign lamps have the advantages of energy saving, beauty, easy control of surface brightness and evenness and so on. Electroluminescence is a solid-state phenomenon that uses phosphors instead of thermal luminescence. It was discovered in 1936 by George Eousterian, who works in Marie Curie's Paris laboratory. However, only recently has it been developed into a high-tech lighting method to replace traditional lighting methods. It is expected that the new technology using electroluminescent filaments will soon be widely used in architectural lighting and emergency lighting signs. It is especially suitable for the low-level guidance system of the evacuation aisle, which consumes very low power and only emits light filaments from the 1W/1000 rice field, so it has a broad development prospect. In recent years, a new type of solid flat light source electroluminescent device has also been developed in the world, which is coated with light emitting powder on the surface of special conductive glass, plastic or enamel conductive screen. it is made by plating several layers of metal conductive film and drawing a wire from the conductive screen and metal conductive film, and its life can reach more than 10,000 hours. the power consumption of the sign lamp is calculated according to the luminous area square meter, which is 1% of the fluorescent lamp. The utility model has the characteristics of safety and reliability, compact structure and small size.
(3) at present, the new emergency lighting fixture, called "European light source", which is composed of internal reflector and complex light controller produced by many manufacturers in Europe, is another new development of fire emergency lighting technology. The lamp has many advantages, such as strong illuminance, simple installation, less engineering consumption, saving cable, installation time and project cost, etc.
(4) the automatic inspection technology of fire emergency lighting system will be widely used. Manual inspection methods are slow and time-consuming, especially for large systems in large buildings. For this reason, the new European standard EN50172 stipulates that an automatic test system for emergency lighting should be set up in large buildings to check the battery charge, discharge and lamp performance of the emergency lighting power supply. At the same time, it can also be connected with the building management system through the network system, so that users can obtain the test results through PC operation, and the test results can be printed and saved. This provision illustrates the importance of automatic inspection technology in the system. In addition, there are individual manufacturers in Europe that produce hand-held illuminance meters for installers and users to check the illuminance of lamps and lanterns. The emergence and application of these inspection technologies is also a new development of fire emergency lighting technology.
(5) carry out the performance test and research of emergency lighting, and provide scientific installation distance data. The installation distance of lamps and lanterns is a technical problem to be solved first in system design and installation, which is directly related to the light output of lamps and lanterns and the performance of effective light distribution. It has important uses for designing effective emergency lighting systems and comparing the performance of lamps and lanterns from different manufacturers. At present, the CEN169WG7 working group of the European Standardization Commission is carrying out this work. Through the Emergency Lighting Industry Committee, British emergency lighting manufacturers have completed the performance test of emergency lighting lamps for the working group and prepared a unified test method, which provides reliable test data for the compilation of lamp installation distance table, so that any reputable emergency lighting manufacturers in Europe can provide products to users at the same time. A table of installation spacing of the product is also provided, indicating the maximum horizontal and axial spacing between horizontally installed lamps and lanterns, as detailed in Table 1 (in accordance with British and European standards).

Table 1 Emergency Lighting spacing Table of Wanghui Company of UK:

(6) the installation technology of low emergency lighting will be widely used.
Low emergency lighting technology refers to a new installation application technology to provide evacuation emergency lighting near the ground or at the height of the ground. Compared with the traditional high-level (overhead) installation technology, it has special advantages and uniqueness.
The traditional high emergency lighting installation technology is often used in the larger space with a higher ceiling and the ceiling or wall of the evacuation aisle where there is a person's height from the ground to provide uniform illumination for the space and the walkway, and provide clear information and direction signs for the walkway, generally using the traditional continuous emergency lighting and 8-watt charging emergency sign lamps and lanterns.
However, in more limited space, such as corridors with relatively low ceilings, the illuminance provided by the high emergency lighting system is often not as good as that provided by the low emergency lighting system, because when there is a fire, there is less smoke and more oxygen near the ground, which is convenient for people's natural evacuation response, that is, bending or creeping. On the other hand, the low emergency lighting system uses light emitting diode light source that can penetrate smoke, standard incandescent lamp module and high brightness module, which can produce ideal local high illuminance, which makes it easier for evacuees to identify the evacuation aisle and find the final exit quickly and safely. therefore, low lighting is very important for safe evacuation in fire and other emergency situations. In addition, the low-level and high-level composite emergency lighting system with the combination of light-emitting diode and incandescent lamp is more effective and has been widely used in the past decade.
The aviation industry was the first to recognize the benefits of installing a low-level emergency lighting system in the evacuation aisle, and it was quickly adopted in the United States. The American insurer laboratory UL once published the standard of the low-level installation of the guide corridor sign system. In Europe, low-level emergency lighting or the combination of low-level emergency signs and high-level emergency lighting are widely used in various public buildings. And is working on the formulation of fire protection low emergency lighting technical standards.
It is generally believed that the advantage of low emergency lighting installation technology is not only its advantages of low maintenance, low cost and cost-effectiveness, but also its long-term safety and reliability. It is generally believed that the field luminous wire, which is regarded as an innovative architectural lighting system, will open up a new world for lighting design, especially suitable for low emergency lighting sign systems with long and narrow passages where lighting is needed. it brings new benefits and hopes for the development and application of low emergency lighting system.
(7) solve the fire safety performance of plastic lamps and lanterns
Emergency lighting lamps and lanterns now widely use thermoplastics as electrical accessories and light scattering plates. in practical application, there has been a fire caused by thermoplastic melting and dripping to ignite the combustibles under the lamps and lanterns, so, the fire safety performance of thermoplastic accessories of emergency lighting lamps and lanterns is an important factor that should be considered in the design of lamps and lanterns. In order to solve this problem, foreign countries have done fire resistance tests on the thermoplastic light scattering plates of the following lamps and lanterns:
Transparent PMMA polypropylene plate: good light scattering, thickness 1mm 2.4mm, nominal thickness 1.5mm
Transparent polystyrene plate: ideal light scattering, thickness 1.5 to 3.0 mm, nominal thickness 1.5 mm
Transparent polycarbonate plate: thickness 1mm to 3mm, nominal thickness 1.5mm
Translucent white PVC-U board: nominal thickness 1 mm
PVC light scattering plate: thickness 1.5mm to 3.0mm.
The experimental results show that the fire risk of PVC-U white translucent board and transparent polycarbonate board is small, while that of transparent PMMA polypropylene board and polystyrene board is high. Therefore, should choose non-flammable or non-combustible thermoplastic light scattering board and other lighting accessories. At present, European and international standards have raised the flame retardant temperature of the plastic shell of emergency lamps from 650℃ to 850℃.
(8) New developments in standards and norms
With the continuous improvement of the technical level of fire emergency lamps and lanterns, the variety of products is increasing and the scope of application is constantly expanding. International, regional and national countries have strengthened, improved and perfected the preparation and revision of fire emergency lighting products, system application standards and specifications. The new development of standards and specifications is characterized by high content of new technology, more detailed and more regulations on installation sites, improvement of illuminance requirements, inspection and test requirements, system control reliability requirements and emergency work conversion time requirements, etc. At present, the international and foreign standards, norms and decrees of fire emergency lamps and systems that can be used for reference are as follows:

European decree:
1) 89/654EEC guidelines for the workplace, which sets out the minimum safety requirements for the workplace; imposes on employers the legal responsibility to ensure that the workplace complies with emergency lighting and exit marking requirements
2) 89/106EEC guidelines for Building products, which specify the requirements for emergency lighting systems for buildings, including minimum standards for the performance and illuminance of general emergency lighting products
3) 92/58EEC "guidelines for Safety signs", which stipulates the necessary emergency exit signs for buildings.
4) 86/666EEC "Hotel Fire Safety recommendations", etc., which puts forward legal requirements and basis for European standards and norms.

International and European and American product standards:
1) IEC598.2.22 1998 (1994 revision) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) "Special requirements for Lighting" standard is the basis for countries and countries to revise product standards (European equivalent standard EN60598.2.22; British equivalent standard BS4533 Section 102.22 "Emergency Lighting equipment with own Power supply")
2) International Electrotechnical Commission Standard IEC62034Ed1 "Emergency Lighting automatic Test system"
3) International Organization for Standardization 1987 ISO6309 Fire Safety Mark Standard (British equivalent standard BS5499pt1)
4) European Standardization Committee Standard EN50171 "centralized Power supply system"
5) European Standardization Committee Standard EN50172-1995 "Emergency evacuation Lighting system"
6) European Electrotechnical Commission Standard CENELEC62-8 "Product Standard for centralized Control Systems"
7) British Standard BS5266-1988 Emergency Lighting
8) British Emergency Lighting Industry Council Standard ICEL1004 "use and improvement of main power lamps for emergency lighting"
9) British Standard BS5499pt1, 3VR 1990 "Export Mark Product Standard"
10) British Standard BS5499.pt4:2000 "Code of practice for evacuation aisle signs"
11) American standard UL924:2000 "Emergency Lighting and Power equipment"
12) German standard DIN6750pt1 Test method.

European Design Code:
1) European Standardization Committee Standard CEN/T169WG3N661-1996 "Code for Emergency Lighting Design"
2) European Standardization Committee regulates EN1838pt5 "Lighting Application-Emergency Lighting" (UK equivalent specification BS5166 pt7)
3) Emergency Lighting Industry Board ICEL1006-1997 Emergency Lighting Design Guide (second Edition)
4) British Emergency Lighting Industry Council ICEL1008-1998 "Guide for Hazard Assessment of Fire Hazard sites"
5) British Standard BS5266pt1:1999 Code of practice for Emergency Lighting
6) British standard BS5266pt2:2000 "low Emergency Power guidance system".
China issued and implemented the industry standard GA54-93 "General Technical conditions for Fire Emergency Lighting" in 1993, and issued the national standard GB17945-2000 "Fire Emergency Lighting" on January 3, 2000, which reached the leading level of world product standards. however, compared with the above-mentioned regions and countries, our country still lacks legal provisions and requirements for the effective implementation of design, installation and use codes and standards, which need to be formulated and issued as soon as possible. To meet the actual needs and keep pace with the development of developed countries.

3 concluding remarks

This paper focuses on the new development and application of building fire emergency evacuation lighting technology, but does not specifically discuss the system design, installation, inspection and other requirements and specific regulations of fire emergency lighting. It can be clearly seen from the above discussion that the development and application of building fire emergency evacuation lighting technology has been valued by many countries in the world and achieved remarkable results. However, compared with the market needs and the requirements of social and economic development, the development of building fire emergency evacuation lighting technology can not fully meet the actual and future needs, and there are still many problems to be studied and solved. For this reason, writing this article is only for the reference of professional scientific and technical personnel engaged in this work, and plays an important role. Because of my limited knowledge, there are inevitably many mistakes in the article. I sincerely hope that the experts will correct them.